Disease Prevention Measures among African Americans Living in the United States Essay

My research explores race-based medicine. Specifically, my research will focus on what preventative measures are available for African American women living in the United States. Among minorities African American women have a higher number of health disparities; psychological and disease oriented. What percentages of minorities take advantage of preventative medicine? What percentage of African Americans are aware of resources made available to them? The growing number of obesity related diseases among African American women has increased more than 23% from 2010 (Nickens, H.W., 2006). Failure to use preventative measures has sparked much concern surrounding the implications and scientific evidence of race-based medicine. Race-based medicine focuses on the current system of public health services because now more than ever. Due to the increasing number of deaths within the African American community there is an expectation from the larger medical community on how to improve medical services that will work more efficiently for African American women. The concern about preventative measures among minority groups focuses on three things; 1) that it meets the needs of the individual, 2) that the service will be free at point of delivery and 3) that once service is received the individual will continue to utilize the service which will increase preventative measures for African American women. Preventative measures of obesity related diseases for African American women are lacking in several areas. Awareness about health systems and services offered are sometimes misinterpreted and therefore discourages African American women to utilize health information and facilities offered to the general public. References Anand, Sonia S. â€Å"Using Ethnicity as a Classification Variable in Health Research.† Ethnicity and Health 4:4 (2003): 241-244. Braun, Lundy. â€Å"Race, Ethnicity, and Health.† Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 45: 2 (2009): 159-74. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2006). Recommendations to improve preconception health and health care-United States. The Center for Disease Control, Morbidity and Mortality World Report. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2010). Obesity: Maternal and infant health research in pregnancy complications. Retrieved from website: http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/MaternalInfantHealth/PregComplications.htm Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2009, October 2). Quickstats: Prevalence of obesity among adults aged > 20 years, by race/ethnicity and sex-national health and nutrition examination survey, united states, 2003-2006. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5838a6.htm Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Black or African American populations. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/omhd/Populations/BAA/BAA.htm Institute of Medicine (IOM). (2009). Weight gain d uring pregnancy: Reexamining the guidelines. Retrieved from The National Academy of Sciences website: http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2009/Weight-Gain-During-Pregnancy-Reexamining-the-Guidelines.aspx Nickens, N. W. (2006). Health Affairs: Health promotion and disease prevention among Minorities. Vol (9), no. 2: 133-143. Doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.9.2.133 Siega-Riz, A. M., King, J. (2009). American Dietetic Position Paper. Obesity, reproduction, and pregnancy. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 109 (4), 918-927. Stothard, K., Tennant, P., Bell, R., & Rankin, J. (2009). Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of congenital anomalies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 301(6), 636-650. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). (2011). Maternal, infant and child health. Retrieved from website: http://healthypeople.gov/2020/LHI/micHealth.aspx Weiss, J., Malone, F., Emig, D., Ball, R., Nyberg, D., Comstock, C. (2004). Obesity, obstetric complications and cesarean delivery rate: A population-based screening study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 190(4), 1091-1097.

Studies in Maltese Architecture

Surveies in Maltese Architecture The Manoel Theatre jpg/640px-Manoel_theatre_%2812843882153%29.jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1463861.001.jpg">The Manoel Theatre, or as normally referred to in the Maltese linguistic communication, ‘Teatru Manoel ‘ , is one of the most of import and important memorials shacking in Malta since it a really old theater amongst the other few in all of Europe. This Theatre stretches back to the eighteenth century when it was inaugurated in January of 1732 in the bosom of Valletta, which means it has survived a long period of histories and now it holds within it a heritage which is unreplaceable and alone. Dating back to the early old ages of the eighteenth century, the Grandmaster of the Order of Malta at that clip was Grandmaster Antonio Manoel de Vilhena. As a swayer, he planned and constructed assorted military and civil edifices, such as the garrison in Marsamxett known as Fort Manoel. Fortunately, at that clip, the Grandmaster started to admit theatrical public presentations by the Italian knights of the Order of St. John ( in their hostel ) , every bit good as a Maltese group that used to play comedies and musical amusement, ( in the same hostel ) some of which were rather successful. Therefore Grandmaster Antonio Manoel de Vilhena set up a foundation (Fondazione Manoel) which decided to buy two houses in Strada del Carmine, now known as ‘Triq it-Teatru l-Antik ‘ , at the cost of 2,186scudiso that a new theater could be built at this location. Francois Mondion is said to hold been one of the senior designers employed by Grandmaster Vilhena, that designed and built the new theater, but there is still doubt and uncertainness regarding who the existent designer of the theater was. On the 16th of March 1731, work started on site which was of an country of 94.5 square canes, which was a Maltese unit of measuring used at that clip and consequences to about 414 m? . Since many old ages have passed since the twenty-four hours it was built, the aesthetics, frontage and form are without any uncertainty different from what had been originally constructed in 1732. However, it can still be pointed out that there is a great chance that it might hold been influenced by two theaters in Palermo at that clip. Besides, it is clear that the original form of the auditorium was in the signifier of a U, being described ( by De Lucca and Tonna ) as somewhat retrograde for its clip, with the phase being projected by two consecutive sides. The modern-day papers Cabreo Vilhena describes the interior portion of the theater as it was formatted originally, holding a sum of 39 boxes and a cavity furnished with benches. The boxes were divided into three grades: the first grade being used by the grandmaster ‘s pages ; the 2nd grade was used by the grandmaster and his cortege ; and the 3rd grade was known as ‘the Gods ‘ where the seats are rather high and distant from the phase. A figure of appliances and machines used to do scenes even more Godhead and spectacular where found on the same degree of ‘the Gods ‘ grade. The Manoel Theatre was and still is a theater which maps like many others with some of its parts being the wings and background, every bit good as â€Å"a shop room for the lamps that illuminated the auditoriumâ€Å" . The wing is the country and portion of the phase which is used by the performing artist to fix to come in and is besides used as a storage infinite for set scenery and proficient equipment. Obviously, this portion of the theater is masked by legion long curtains for privateness. On the other manus, the background was the background to any scene of a phase set. Manoel Theatre besides had: the chief entryway ; the phase ; a little room for invitees (saletta) ; a corridor in the signifier of a U-shape ; and a basement found below the phase. As can be seen by the exposure of the original frontage of the theater below, two olympian pillars flanked the front door and supported the balcony above it. The whole Manoel Theatre was surprisingly finished and completed after a sp eedy 10 months. At the early times of Manoel Theatre ‘s startup, the Baroque manner was booming and at its highest point in Europe. Architecture was non the lone of import factor during churrigueresque clip but other factors should be considered. Performing humanistic disciplines such as opera itself were going really of import during this clip and could be categorized into two parts:‘opera seria ‘and‘operabuffa ‘. This means that great public presentations and composings were expected to come with this new theater, besides with the reaching of celebrated composers. The 19th of January 1732 marked an of import day of the month for the Manoel Theatre since the first public presentation was held on this day. ‘Merope ‘( as it was called ) depicted calamities of that century and was acted by the Italian knights of the Order themselves as a mark of regard and baronial work chosen for the startup of the theater. Following this public presentation, were two comedies traveling by the name of ‘Il Giocatore Disperato ‘and ‘Don Pilone ‘. Besides, other public presentations were held during this clip, largely comedies, but unluckily their names are unknown so non much information is available about them. It is of import to observe that from such early times the theater started to be used for other activities such as a locale for carnival balls. During the regulation of Vilhena, there are no more histories of theatrical composings and public presentations but we do hold the memoirs of Carlo Goldoni which do give us an thou ght of how it felt like to be in the Manoel Theatre. Sequence to Vilhena ‘s regulation was Despuig who ne'er attended the theater for his ain grounds, but after him there was the powerful Grandmaster Manoel de Pinto Fonseca who was so in love with theater and public presentation humanistic disciplines that three yearss after he was elected he attended an opera at the theater. It is cardinal to retrieve that during the eighteenth century Manoel Theatre was one of the really few topographic points where the knights and certain types of people could be entertained. Priests were besides acute on keeping their ain public presentations and dramas, even though at these times they merely accepted work forces to go to their dramas. Grandmaster Pinto de Fonseca went to the theater for the last clip at the age of 92 demoing the great love and regard he had for this type of art. Giovanni Artuffo presented and introduced legion operas by three different composers in the early 1750s. All of their plants were admired by the knights and the Maltese people ( less sophisticated but still enthusiastic about the opera itself ) . Just one or really few non-operatic plants were performed during this period. It is besides noteworthy that the old ages 1768-70 a adult female was given the impresa which happens really seldom, in fact she was the lone adult female to be given such power during that century. Besides, a few old ages subsequently Natale Marini made a program and theoretical account of the theater ‘s interior and phase since the theater was under uninterrupted wear but there is no record demoing renewing work. This century marks the debut of a immature endowment Nicolo Isuoard who was set to go one of Paris ‘ most popular composers of amusing opera subsequently on. In 1796 the Gallic arrived and took over Malta, and Napoleon expelled the Order of St. John from Malta in 1798, so the theater had been leased to four individuals. The invasion of the French caused some immediate jobs since the Italian vocalists and instrumentalists organizing portion of the opera of Manoel Theatre were obliged to remain in Malta, so they wanted an addition in their pay. The monetary values and rewards which were making the jobs were shortly fixed and taken attention of. In September 1798, Nicolo Isouard was appointed commissioner for theatre whilst Pietro Paolo Muscat became the exclusive showman as he bought all the portions. During this period, Manoel Theatre was confronting a batch of jobs and was at a clip of crisis, with the attending at the theater most likely worsening since the vocalists were non being changed and the fort started to lose involvement. With all these debatable state of affairss, Isouard was kept busy most of the clip seeking to happen a solut ion to better the state of affairs. In 1799 the theater got involuntarily involved in a atrocious episode in Maltese history when the Maltese were be aftering to assail and scupper the Gallic within the walls of Valletta itself. Manoel Theatre got involved in the narrative because Vaubois ordered Isouard to set on a show on a Friday ( a twenty-four hours when no operas or comedies were of all time performed ) to move as a distraction for the Gallic. However, the program was discovered and several plotters were executed in the square in forepart of the Magisterial Palace. By the early 1800s, the Italian company had had plenty and did non desire to execute any longer, and so the theater was forced to shut with the going of the Italians from Valletta. Manoel Theatre was so reopened and a important event occurred when it was decided that a Maltese play group was to execute on a regular basis inside the theater. This was rather a important measure in Maltese history. In 1800, the Gallic were driven to a point where they cou ld non shack in Malta any longer, ( with the aid of the British ) so they decided to go forth, taking with them Nicolo Isuardo who was regarded as a treasonist and ne'er to return to Malta. After helping to throw out the Gallic, the British found themselves crowned head of the Maltese Islands. Unfortunately, during the going of the Gallic and the early 1801, no public presentations seem to hold taken topographic point inside Theatre Manoel but at least it was surely used for the organisation of balls since Aeneas Anderson tells us that he attended a public ball at the Opera House during this period. Italian opera is reintroduced one time once more and the public presentations are described as great amusement with merely a few little jobs. Besides the fact that non everyone could come in the theater or take his topographic point was acquiring on some people ‘s nervousnesss. In 1812, George Whitmore of the Royal Engineers was â€Å" to reconstruct the edifice exhaustively, to increase the figure of boxes†¦ and to adorn the full edifice in a modern, simple and elegant manner † . Oakes and Whitmore had a big influence on the aesthetics of the theater as it is nowadays since they did hole and alteration rather a batch of parts. In fact, the tallness of the edifice was raised higher with a new roof being built, the floor of the cavity was re-laid, the brackets were removed and the boxes were opened up for better visibleness, and a 4th grade was added. Besides, the dressing suites for performing artists was increased and the phase enlarged. This resulted in the auditorium holding an egg-shaped form, which is still present with that same form presents. The British made sure to re-introduce theprotettore, which was occupied by a citizen of high standing, and the besides reintroduced the system of naming an showman, with the first showmans being three. Showmans had rather a hazardous concern with the hazard of hardly doing any money since they had provide amusement and public presentations all the clip throughout the whole twelvemonth. These apart from holding to pay the rent, had to engage vocalists and terpsichoreans to come to Malta which could take to economical battles. In fact, during 1817-18 the fundss for Manoel Theatre were so bad that both the rent and the admittance monetary values were reduced. The immature British officers, as were the knights, needed to utilize the free clip they had, so for some of them theatre was their interest. We do hold histories of information about legion dramas in English which were held at the Manuel Theatre such as the celebrated workThe Clandestine Marriageby Colman and Garrick. The nineteenth century besides marks another of import milepost in native Maltese play because dramas started to be performed in Maltese linguistic communication as described by the British officer Anderson. The first full length drama was called ‘Caterina, ix-Xbejba tal-Irdum ‘ . Opera, on the other manus, was deemed as more of import during the British regulation, it was the reigning genre. The figure of new operas to be performed per twelvemonth settled at four and bothopera seriaandopera buffaperformed in the early decennaries. A figure of vocalists were so loved and respected a batch by the audience as were Camilla Darbois and Lorenzo Del Riccio amongs t some others, to the point that they ended up settling in Malta ( as they were foreign ) . One should besides retrieve that during their reign, Manoel theater was used for a figure of great occasions as was done for the return of Governor Sir Thomas Maitland. Subsequently along the nineteenth century, Manoel Theatre had become such a load on the authorities because of showmans and the fact that the theater was now an aged edifice with excessively many fixs to be done, it was agreed that a new opera house ( The Royal Opera house ) was to be built. This led to the Manoel Theatre falling into private custodies when Anacleto Conti decided to purchase Mifsud ‘s half portion and go the exclusive proprietor. By 1866 the Royal Opera House was ready to be used and Manoel Theatre ready to be abandoned for good. Manoel Theatre was besides stripped from its rubric ( Theatre Royal ) and named after the Grandmaster Antonio Manoel de Vilhena. Between 1866 and 1873, Manoel Theatre had its ruin, it was hardly used and when used merely for dramas by Maltese amateurs. Since it was hardly used, no care, fixs or renovating were done and it continued to deteriorate. In 1873, a calamity occurred in Valletta when the Royal Opera House was unluckily destroyed and beyond fix. At least from this calamity, Malta regained back a forgotten treasure, that is the Manoel Theatre. Since operas and dramas urgently needed a moderately good topographic point to be performed, what better pick was at that place than the Manoel Theatre? Conti ( the proprietor of the theater ) could non believe his fortune when his theater started to be used and after some clip besides repaired. What really did salvage the theater from traveling downhill for good was the new genre of theater, called ‘operetta ‘ . Since Manoel Theatre had long been unused as a proper theater, its proprietors had to do a figure of efforts at re-establishing it as an opera house. Fortunately, they managed to set up the theater for a figure of seasons and the plants started to increase, accordingly taking to a successful and positive season. In 1882, Arpa decided to buy the Manoel Theatre from Conti and after some clip realized that something had to be done to vie with the Rjal, so many fixs and redecorations were undertaken. On a positive note, Manoel Theatre had some really successful seasons at the terminal of the 1880s, one of the most of import dramas being‘Birichino Al Teatro‘ . After some old ages, Arpa could non pay back the financess he borrowed from G. Gollcher, and so Gollcher decided to take legal actions and purchase the theater himself. The Gollchers did do some few changes and redecorations for the better since they managed the theater themselves for several more old ages. The MADC, which is a popular play group that formed in 1910 with the amalgamation of two groups of play, used to execute a batch in Manoel Theatre and inspired many other groups. In the twentieth century,‘Romanticismo ‘was repeated a figure of times in the theater and after some clip Manoel Theatre besides became a film but unrecorded theater was non banished. The Second World War did somewhat decelerate down Manoel Theatre, but surprisingly composings were still being shown and people were still go toing the theater to be entertained. The Maltese Government, at that clip Malta Labour Party, decided to purchase back Manoel Theatre so as to continue it and its historical heritage. When the theater was acquired, Vera Lindsay and Richard Southmen were commissioned to give recommendations on the resurgence of the Manoel Theatre. Numerous sum of alterations and changes had to be done so refurbishment started instantly. In 1960 the first Manoel Theatre direction commission was set up and they had to do certain that the gap would be a genuinely great one. Fortunately, the gap was a successful event. Presents, Manoel Theatre has continued to populate up to its outlooks and better since it continues to expose many theatrical productions and public presentations both in the Maltese and English linguistic communication, with opera being basically of import, play, dancing, musical shows, and the one-year MADC Christmas dumb show. The Manoel Theatre has been home to countless famous persons and astonishing endowments such as Joseph Callejla, Boris Christoff, Louis Kenter, John Neville and many others. The theatre direction commission president right now is Michael Grech and the deputy president Kenneth Zammit. The theater besides has a museum ( which shows the history of the topographic point ) , and a gift store. It is astonishing to see that this theater managed to survived through all these old ages, all this history shacking within merely one edifice. It has such great intrinsic value, non merely to us but besides to the whole of Europe, that it should be taken attention of and pr eserved for the longest clip possible.

In the UK, ethical businesses are not as successful as less ethical Essay

In the UK, ethical businesses are not as successful as less ethical businesses. Discuss - Essay Example Despite emphasis on ethical business operation in U.K, it has not been consummated to a successful enterprise. Firstly, unethical businesses operate on no moral obligation and thus commonly engage in hoarding of commodities and price manipulation irrespective of the set price standards. Pavelin & Porter (2008. p. 720) admits that â€Å"due to use of dubious means, they often have supernormal profits and their businesses have significantly grown its market share†. While ethical businesses such as Marks and Spencer remain committed in fair price mechanisms, unethical businesses would create artificial shortages and make supernormal profits to the disadvantage of the consumers. Ethics emphasizes on the distinction of wrong and right and unscrupulous businesses have the least concern on morals, their main goal is profits on returns. Secondly, operating ethical businesses in U.K requires compliance to bureaucratic laws and policies. For instance, a business should seek approval by obtaining an up to date operation license. Besides, â€Å"for food industries they must comply with Food and Drug Association (FDA) besides an additional medical certificate of all staff handling food items† (Aras 2012 p.177). It, therefore, provides for a lengthy process that requires time and money. While compliance will create additional time to start and operate a business, non-ethical businesses operations commences almost immediately because they often navigate around requirements. In addition, ethical businesses operate on honest as a fundamental pillar. They, therefore, ensure compliance to stringent taxation requirements. They ensure that there is â€Å"undoubted level of accuracy in the amount of tax remitted to the government tax authority† (Moore 2009 p.183). However, unethical businesses are skeptical on tax payment and often remit fewer taxes than the actual amounts needed. Although they employ an immoral approach in tax evasion, these unethical

Compare and Contrast Pieces of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Compare and Contrast Pieces of Art - Essay Example This paper seeks to highlight the similarities and the differences between the â€Å"Dying Gallic Trumpeter† and the â€Å"Column of Trajan† in terms of balance of style, function, iconography, technique, and cultural meaning. Both â€Å"Dying Gallic Trumpeter† and the â€Å"Column of Trajan† are made of marble pieces. Trumpeter is nude, and the fluid motion of the marble inflicts an impression of strained-movement (Ridgway 151). On the other hand, the â€Å"Column of Trajan† is made of 29 pieces of marble weighing up to 77ton. However, there are several differences between these two sculptures. In terms of balance, the â€Å"Dying Gallic Trumpeter† lies on his oval shield, with trumpet at his feet the. This gives it asymmetrical balance as compared to the â€Å"Column of Trajan† that stands all round erected from a base giving it symmetrical balance. Trumpeter takes the shape of a human being, while Trojan takes the shape of a tall building. In terms of texture, Trumpeter is smoother than Trajan that has a rough surface from boom to head (Ridgway 278). Trumpeter has long, bushy mustache, hair, and neck ornament, while Trajan has a band of curved reliefs all round the co lumn. Trumpeter signifies a â€Å"barbarian†. Culturally, in ancient Rome, a â€Å"Barbarian† was more than a monstrous enemy, but a wounded soldier, unlike their own soldiers. Trojan, on the other hand, tells the story of Dacian wars between 101-102 and 105-106 A.D (Ridgway

UAE Courts and Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

UAE Courts and Law - Assignment Example The judiciary of UAE is constitutionally independent that also includes the Federal Supreme Court. Ras- al Khaimah and Dubai are not the part of the Federal judiciary of UAE. There is a separate Islamic and Secular law for the criminal court, high court and civil courts. The court system of UAE comprises of civil and Sharia Courts. The testimony of a woman is considered half valuable as that of a man in criminal cases. There is an exclusive jurisdiction present in the courts of Sharia to hear the disputes of families, including cases such as the custody of a child, divorce, guardianship, inheritance and child abuse. Sharia courts that are present only at the federal level listen to the appeals of criminal cases such as certain criminal cases, robbery, driving while drunk and rape. Civil Law Case The Civil Case of UAE against the 17 bootleg killers The reconciliation committee sent this case to the court for both the parties failed to make the decision and reach a single conclusion re garding the claim that was filed by the murdered man’s brother named Misri Khan. He also claimed that he was seriously injured in the fight take took the life of his brother. Thamer Hassan, the lawyer of Misri Khan said in an interview that the judge has approved that their case should be transferred to the civil court. He further added that his client has suffered from serious injury and had nearly 70 percent of disability. The claim registered by Misri Khan had been reduced from DH 1million to DH 500, 000; although the day of the hearing has not yet been decided by the court. The lawyer of the 17 men also recorded his comments by saying that the court was sent to the federal court only because Misri Khan did not settled the claim out of the court. About DH 3.4 million were paid by the killers to the family of the murdered man in order to settle the claim. This money was also paid by the killer to the family of the murdered man and the victim (Misri Khan) in exchange of pard on and as blood money. The death sentences of the murderers have been computed by the court but the prosecutor has successfully registered an appeal against this verdict of the court. The murders have also been facing another suit that has been filed by Misri Khan, who claimed that he has been seriously injured during the brawl (Kannan). This is a civil case that was filed by Misri Khan who was the brother of the murdered man and the victim as well. The hearing of the case is still on pending but the killers of Misri Khan’s brother have been sentenced to death and they have also paid heavy compensation in exchange of pardon. This kind of case shows the supremacy of the civil rights in UAE. In this particular case the family of the victim not only received compensation but the killers were also sentenced to death. This highlights that how just is the Judiciary of UAE that works to provide justice to the citizens of their country. Shariat Law In UAE according to the Shariat Law a man has the right that he can discipline his children and wife as long as he does not leave any physical marks on their body. There was a case registered in October 2010, in which a man was found guilty for slapping and beating his wife and daughter. There were several bruise found on the hand and knee of the girl and severe injuries were present on the lower teeth and lip of the girl. The court claimed that the bruises and the injuries give evidence that the man has abused the Shariat rights of his wife and daughter. In the case of the man’s wife the law of Shariat has definitely been violated as the injuries resulted from the beating were severe whereas the age of the daughter was 23 and she was too old to be disciplined by

Conducting the Written Evidence - Based Proposal (Final) Research Paper

Conducting the Written Evidence - Based Proposal (Final) - Research Paper Example This paper explores the challenges associated with psychiatric mental health nursing and the burnout associated with this filed of work. Introduction As a mental health psychiatric nurse, I realized that one key issues in my area is rapid nurse burnout. Mental health nurses suffer from burnout much sooner than those in other nursing fields of care (Breen, 2013). Burnout is associated with the increasing shortage of nurses, trends leaning towards more community care, and the elimination of numerous mental health care hospitals and facilities. The above problems have created a stressful work environment causing nurses to be forced to attempt to provide high quality care to the ever increasing number of patient load while at the same time recording a decrease in resources (Hanrahan,2010). Mental heal nurses have additional stressors, some of which include the large emotional demand of taking care of patients with complex and challenging violent related issues. Overcrowding of acute care settings along with the nurse to patient ratios add to the stress that nurses have to content with. This makes the working environment unsafe for the operation of nurses. Undesputedly, an enabling work environment is in itself motivational to new qualified nurses. It helps avoid emotional exhaustion, which is largely seen as detrimental in mental health as it affects the outcome of patient care and to a larger extend result in depersonalization of the nurse (Breen, 2013). Studies show that burnout in the psychiatric nursing field may be associated with non-supportive management, and there is need for to have formal orientation programs to acute care mental health nursing settings for the staff. This would help provide continuing education for nursing and ancillary staff, which would ultimately help deal with issues such as overload of paperwork, staff to patient ratio, work related injuries, volatile and unpredictable working environment. By extension, working with verbally abusive /aggressive patients contribute to the burnout of psychiatric mental health nurses earlier than that of the counterparts who work as medical surgical nurses (Breen, 2013). Hospitals must make working environments more conducive to their nurse, as well the patients. This will help preserve staff and in the long run decrease/ prevent nursing burnout. Recent studies have shown that hospitals need to create an environment that values the knowledge and professionalism by their nurses, and should work towards maintaining appropriate nurse to patient ratios for purposes of facilitating patient growth and wellness. These studies also suggest that hospitals should facilitate nurse to physician relationships, if they have to maintain continuity of care throughout the interdisciplinary team. According to these studies, this woud help hospitals to maintain safety on acute care inpatient settings, as well as outpatient settings by providing adequate security for staff (Hanrahan, 2010). Problem S tatement- Module 1 The two terms stress and burnout are often intertwined. As such, stress is the precursor to burnout. Stress is a feature that cannot be avoided in life; it can be viewed as positive or negative reinforcer (Elder, 2012). Burnout, on the other hand, has no positive aspects for the individual who is experiencing it. The term burnout is used to explain emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduction in personal accomplishments. This group of problems is commonly referred to

Movie Paper on Mommie Dearest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Movie Paper on Mommie Dearest - Essay Example This could greatly be accounted by the wrong and sometimes grotesque perceptions of the illness in the media and their depictions in films. Although some of these portrayals are realistic and accurate, some are more likely sensationalized. Media and films are powerful mediums of information. They can either justify the truth or bend the truth to both positive and negative extremities. With this in hand, this paper then is perusal of a film's characterization of a person with mental disorder. The film studied is the biographic movie of Joan Crawford's life entitled "Mommie Dearest" which was based on the book written by her adopted daughter Christina after her death. In the film, Yablans and Perry (1981) focused the story on the relationship between the movie legend Joan Crawford and her adoptive daughter Christina. The movie starts with then single and divorced Joan Crawford; determined to adopt children to fill the void that was missing in her life. Joan first adopted a baby girl and called her Christina. She later adopted another baby boy and called him Christopher. The film depicts the children's lives under the renowned Hollywood star, who behind curtains was an abusive and violent parent. Her obsessive want of excellence as a famous actress and a parent topped with the pressure of being in show business and an abusive attitude towards alcohol was a repeating theme throughout the movie. Yablans and Perry(1981) concentrated the film on Joan Crawford's bouts of obsessive madness where the burden was inflicted on her children. Christina's struggle as a child and later on adulthood to be an actress to satisfy her mother was also conveyed. There were only several small indications of her marriages during the film. No doubt, Joan Crawford's supposed reputation as a renowned actress was ruined by the exposure of her other life. Although Joan Crawford was not formally diagnosed, she was suspected to have an Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). According to resources of MentalHelp.net (n.d.), "OCD is an anxiety disorder where a person has recurrent and unwanted ideas or impulses (called obsessions)" and these obsessions are coupled with the constant "urge or compulsion" to satisfy the "discomfort caused by the obsession". These obsessions could vary, from simple things such as hygiene to more complex things such as religion. When the compulsions to satisfy his obsession are disgruntled, anxiety attacks follow. MentalHelp.net (n.d.) further adds that a person with OCD have thoughts and behaviors that are often "senseless, repetitive, distressing, and sometimes harmful, but they are also difficult to overcome". The behavior of a person with OCD was more or less depicted by Joan Crawford's characterization in the film. First was her obsession to be seen as a good role model of a parent. She insisted on adopting children although she was advised by her friend who is an attorney to not adopt because it was not advisable for her to adopt children given her single and divorced status. When advised, she retaliates "Bend the law!" (Yablans and Perry, 1981). In another instance, the two children were made to recite which were obviously practiced answers to the radio staff that came to interview the Crawford family on how they spend their Christmas. Joan Crawford was watchful of their answers and it

Argument essay against marxist idea Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Argument against marxist idea - Essay Example For example, our environment is degrading at a rapid pace. The quality water in the oceans and rivers, the pollution levels in the air we breathe and the steady destruction of erstwhile pristine ecosystems can all be attributed to lack of private ownership. If only all these resources were privately owned, it is difficult to foresee how they will be allowed to decline as is presently happening. When valuable resources such as these will have private ownership, the owner will ensure that his property is kept in good condition. This fact makes a strong case for promoting private ownership of property and wealth. Let us take the case of prosperity in America. For long, the cherished dream (the so-called American Dream) for every family is to own a comfortable house, decent car and have the money to be able to send children to college. It is fair to claim that hard-working and sincere citizens should be entitled to this basic aspiration. And the institution of private ownership is what ensures that such wishes are fulfilled. To put it in perspective, we only need look at societies that had embraced the communist view of common property and its effectiveness. In the erstwhile communist society of USSR, the standards of living for a large majority of the population were just above levels of sustenance. Moreover, the spirit of individuality was suppressed and in its place a uniform conformist mentality instated in the minds of citizens. This explains why the USSR eventually, but inevitably, collapsed. And a dynamic capitalist economy has taken center stage in Russia presently. The prosperity of countries in Western Europe can also be attributed to their governments’ active encouragement of private ownership of land, business enterprises, consumer goods, etc. In their defense, Marx and Engels would point to the collateral damage that result from capitalism and private

The effects of sports participation on childrens achievements in Term Paper

The effects of sports participation on childrens achievements in school - Term Paper Example Schools that devote priorities to both academics and sports participation have indicated higher academic success. According to numerous research conducted, sports improve the ability of students in achieving excellence due to the already developed persistence. Both individual and team sports produce an exemplary outcome to academic excellence. Tabor (2014) conducted a study seeking to clarify the relationship between academic performance, sports, and weight classification. The study was conducted on a subset of children in four Chicago schools in the low-income regions. Of the total 129 participants, 48.1 percent took part in soccer while 51 percent of the participants did not. The two-year study involved both genders and varied racial categories. The types of sports participation were assessed with a checklist where the parents listed three of the sports their children participated. The sports were categorized into two: team sports and the individual sports. The team sports involved soccer and baseball while individual sports included swimming, biking, and skateboarding. The participants’ academic assessment was conducted using the teacher’s report form and an average rating calculated by averaging similar ranks.The study by Tabor (2014) indicated no correlation between academics and weight classification. However, the study showed differing findings on non-participants, individual sports, and team sports on academics. The ANOVA analysis showed a significant effect on academic ratings in math and reading.

Violence in Sports Essay Example for Free

Violence in Sports Essay Comedian Rodney Dangerfield once joked, â€Å"I went to the fight the other night and a hockey game broke out†, but violence in sports is a continuous problem that is not amusing. Whether the conversation is the about the â€Å"blood games† of the Ancient Greeks and Romans or the 2012 NFL season, there is one common factor and it is violence. Over the course of history sporting events have become more civilized which does not make the â€Å"blood games† and Monday Night Football an apples to apples comparison, however one cannot debate the fact that violence still remains a main stay in sports today. The real debate is who is responsible for its continuous existence. Has society witnessed so much violence that sports would not be sports without it? Did the media and the commercialization of sports help keep violence alive in today’s games? Is there truly enough evidence to pinpoint the real culprit or can we all mutually agree that all parties are to blame? The author argues that much of the violence in sports today involves overconformity to the norms of the sport ethic which is absolutely valid. Jay Coakley discusses how athletes may use violence to enhance their status amongst peers and gain popularity with spectators. He believes some athletes compensate their insecurities with extreme measures to prove themselves because â€Å"they are only as good as their last game†. Every day athletes are looking to make that big devastating hit that will have fans jumping out of their seats, teammates giving them high fives and coaches praising them in team film sessions. They have a desire to gain a reputation that demands respects, a player with a killer instinct that opponents fear. While I agree with Coakley, it is only to a certain degree. In today’s society you must factor in the media and the commercialization of sports as well. Players understand that the big hit will gain them the respect they desire, but it will also gain a clip in ESPN’s top ten highlights. Players in today’s game have a need to be noticed and recognized by the media because it will lead to cashing in on a big time sports contract and endorsement deals. Back in the 1970’s players demanded respect because they wanted to be a tough guy which is also true today, but now they prefer to be a famous rich tough guy. Violence in sports does not only exist within the participants of sporting events either, which continues to build on the Coakley’s argument that athletes use violence in an effort to gain spectators popularity. Sports fans fighting against other fans for obscene comments toward each other, wearing the wrong jersey in the wrong section, or looking to fight players for poor performances are becoming the norm. These events are putting fans in a state of wanting, in fact needing violence in order to be satisfied with sporting events. Soccer has become a sport that is synonymous with fan violence. Soccer fans have no level of fear when it comes to violence and it has come the point that soccer players are scared of their own fans. Alexei Barrionuevo and Charles Newberry of the NY Times wrote an article discussing the extreme fan hostility and violence that occurs in Argentinian soccer. There is an organization in Argentina dedicated to ending violence in soccer named Let’s Save Football, but there existence is not enough to deter the violence. In fact the president of the organization Monica Nizzard, stated, â€Å"We don’t feel safe inside of our stadiums in Argentina†, â€Å"That is why families have stopped going. † (NY Times 2011). This is just one example of many fans creating a violent atmosphere that exists in sports today. Coalkey also describes a scene from Pat Conroy’s novel The Prince of Tides that has a coach addressing his team in a manner that puts a player in a state of mind looking to create a violent experience. However he states â€Å"many coaches don’t use such vivid vocabulary because they know it can inspire dangerous forms of violence† and then adds that these coaches seek athletes that already think that way. He is correct, but at the same time incorrect. For example, the NFL recently made headlines with the New Orleans Saints â€Å"bounty program† where MSN Fox Sports quoted defensive coordinator Greg Williams quoted as saying, We need to decide whether Crabtree wants to be a (expletive) prima donna or he wants to be a tough guy. He becomes human when we take out that outside ACL. (Associated Press 2012). Coaches are just as responsible for violence in sports as the athletes. Some coaches may not be quoted like Greg Williams was, but on both amateur and professional levels coaches prepare game speeches about going to war with the enemy†¦not go give it your best effort. Below is a recent controversial video of a football coach that may or may not have assaulted an opposing 7th grade football player depending on your side of the situation. Regardless of the opinion on his actions it makes people wonder what this coach may be saying when the camera is not on. http://network.ardbarker. com/high_school/article_external/backyard/new_video_emerges_of_youth_coach_assaulting_player/12191230? refmod=backyardrefsrc=foxsports Sports play a significant role in society and grab the attention of millions of viewers while impacting the lives of hundreds of thousands of athletes. Some athletes use violence as a basic instinct while playing sports. Some athletes will use it as a means to gain money, power and respect. Some fans will cheer for violence and some fans will jeer against it. Coaches and parents will teach their children the right and wrong of violence in sports. With all that said, violence is not doing a disappearing magic act from sports. It used to exist, still exists and will continue to exist. Throughout all of my reading for this assignment I go back to one quote from Dan Lebowitz, executive director of the Center for the Study of Sport in Society at Northeastern University in Boston†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Questioning violence in sports offers an opportunity to question humanity in general. † (Discovery News, 2012) Cited References BarrioNuevo, A and Newberry, C. (2011, Nov. 26). In Argentina, Violence is Part of the Soccer Culture. Retrieved from NYTimes. com: http://www. nytimes.com/2011/11/27/sports/soccer/in-argentina-violence-is-part-of-the-soccer-culture. html? pagewanted=all_r=0 This article discusses the extremely violent nature of soccer in Argentina. It goes into detail the actions of violent Argentinian soccer fans. It also discusses how they are attempting to put a stop to the violence. Associated Press (2012, April 06). Report: Tape Captured Bounty Offer Retrieved from Fox Sports: http://msn. foxsports. com/nfl/story/gregg-williams-instructed-new-orleans-saints-players-to-injure-san-francisco-49ers-040512 In this article the author discusses the New Orleans Saints bounty scandal. It discusses the first released quotes from Coach Greg Williams regarding the bounties. It goes into detail about the entire tape and how it impacts the bounty scandal. Issac, A. (2012, Nov. 12). MNew Video Emerges of Youth Coach Assualting Playerkes Neon- Retrieved from Fox Sports: http://network. yardbarker. com/high_school/article_external/backyard/new_video_emerges_of_youth_coach_assaulting_player/12191230? refmod=backyardrefsrc=foxsports The video clip was used as a reference. The video shows a clip of a youth football coach assaulting an opposing 7th grade player. It details the legal action taken place against the coach and how it has affected his life. The player’s mother also speaks out against the coach. Sohn, E. (2012, March 07). Is Violence in Sport Inevitable Retrieved from Discovery News: http://news. discovery. com/adventure/violence-sports-football-120307. html The author discusses violence in sports and fans reactions to violence. It discusses actual fan violence as well as the viewership reactions to violence. The author also discusses the impact violence would have on sports if it did not exist.

Personality In International Relations

Personality In International Relations This essay will explore the extent to which the personality traits of a decision maker impact upon his foreign policies. It will not argue that such idiosyncratic variables alone are the exclusive determinants, but that they have a significant role to play. As political scientist James Barber remarked, Every story of decision making is really two stories: an outer one in which a rational man calculates and an inner one in which an emotional man feels. The two are forever connected (quoted in Brewer, 1992, p.149). Foreign policy decision making is an outcome of how individuals with power perceive and analyse events. Political leaders are not beyond the reach of the human traits of assumptions, subjectivity, prejudices and biases. Their underlying beliefs and motivations will have a bearing upon the conclusions they reach. Culture, geography, history, ideology, and self-conceptions shape the thought process of a decision maker, forming what has been referred to as the psycho-socio mili eu of decision-making (Sprouts, 1965). The foreign policy decisions of Harry Truman, Saddam Hussein and Charles de Gaulle will be used as case studies to demonstrate how personality can affect the formulation and implementation of foreign policy, whilst also providing the opportunity to show the differing extents to which such traits have occasion to make an impact, due to situational factors such as in a crisis or in non-democratic regimes. This essay will conclude that the influence of individual personality traits is most evident in the foreign policies of persons in unrestricted positions of authority, and in crisis situations. In democracies, during non-critical times, the extent to which the leaders personality influences decision making varies according to his relative passive/aggressive nature. Dominant leaders will seek to reshape the international political system in accordance with their own personal vision, resulting in tenacious foreign policies through which they attem pt to advance a central idea, whilst maintenance of the status quo can be attributed more to low-dominance, introvert individuals, seeking to power-share and delegate decision making (Etheredge, 1978). The effects of personality on decision making are difficult to quantify. Interpersonal generalisation theory suggests that behavioural differences in interpersonal situations have some correlation to behavioural differences in international situations, for example, a relationship between self-assertiveness/dominance, and willingness to resort to military action (Etheredge, 1978). However, it would be naive and over-simplified to state that certain personality traits of a decision maker lead a country to war; instead they can be seen as tipping the balance towards or against a certain policy, because, put succinctly, some leaders are willing to gamble the destiny of their people in a war; others are not (Ali Musallam, 1996, p.5) It is also important to take into consideration the extent to which individual traits can be separated from role-playing. Decision makers may act how they perceive a leader in their society is expected to act, taking role-appropriate decisions which are not ne cessarily in line with their personal nature. No individual can know all the relevant factors when making a decision, thus each individuals perception of reality will be different from reality. This incongruence between the psychological and operational environments permits filters, such as the past experiences of leaders, to shape decision making. It has been argued that there is strong, robust evidence that most human choice is preconscious and strongly and quickly influenced by emotiondespite their expertise, foreign policy makers are no less biased than other people (Gross Stein, 2008, p.113). Core beliefs are held to be true even if they cannot be verified, providing the foundation of myths and ideologies; efforts to challenge them are met with hostility. The phenomenon of cognitive dissonance enables even the most intelligent of human minds to resist and deny important, uncomfortable aspects of reality. Human psychological make-up limits rationality, having a need for simplicity. In the processing and analysing of complex information, we break down information and choose how we want to interpret it. When analysing the influence of personality upon foreign policy, it is important to emphasise that the differing political environments surrounding leaders will naturally create highly variable boundaries within which they have the freedom to operate. It is a given that a dictator in an authoritarian regime has much greater, unconditional, unaccountable power to create policies suiting his personal interests, than the leader of a democracy. Within a democracy, the head of government is obliged, to some extent, to take into consideration the opinions of other authorities and experts, and must especially consult the Foreign Minister with regard to foreign policy. However, ultimately, the final decision does lie with the leader, and he does possess the power to override other opinion if he wishes. Leaders of governments can also have the advantage of hand-selecting those who they put into positions of power. A leader is likely to choose key advisors who share his core beliefs and he con siders to be generally cooperative, creating an environment in which groupthink has the potential to flourish. Political leaders in democracies should, theoretically, and sometimes in practise, reflect the attitudes and core values of their citizens. Having been through the same socialisation process and sharing the same core cultural values as his citizens, the democratic leader can be seen as an embodiment of societal character. Decision making is an institutionalised process, in which personality factors merge with cultural background factors and can often be explained in more generalisable group terms (Cerny, 1980, p.13). The mood of society sets broad boundaries around the theoretical foreign policy alternatives of decision makers. However, it has been alleged that, beyond academic elites in foreign affairs, there exists a lack of public interest in foreign policy; seemly too distant and irrelevant compared to domestic issues. It is argued that the general public is ill-informed and unstable, prone to changes in opinionat worst [they] possess non-attitudes with respect to international p olitics (Robinson, 2008, p.139). This gives the government greater freedom of movement than in formation and implementation of domestic policies, and hence greater scope for domination by significant personalities and ideologies. Nonetheless, it could also be argued that this apparent apathy is now declining due technological, transportation and communications revolutions which enable foreign affairs to be brought much closer to the daily lives of ordinary people. Personality can impact to differing extents on the formulation and implementation of foreign policy. Whilst a policy can be formulated, within the relative situational and bureaucratic restraints, to the particular personal liking of a leader and his colleagues, the implementation stage, translating foreign policy objectives into practise and desired outcomes, is more complex. Attempts to implement a policy can come into conflict with the objectives of other actors and the environment, as the boundary between decision makers and the outside world is crossed. It is true that orders may be easily issued, but that is only the beginning of the process of attempting to achieve ones goalsfor all kinds of statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [because] leaders rely on sub-contracting to bureaucratic agents, some of whom may take the opportunity to slow down or undermine the policy, or even to run their own policies in competition (BrighiHill, 2008, pp.130-4). Foreign policy is not self-executing, and requi res resources, support or mobilisation of the public, and some political consensus, particularly in a democracy. The more charismatic, persuasive and motivational the leader, the greater his chances of overcoming such opposition. This task is made particularly easy in authoritarian regimes such as North Korea, where the media is subject to state control. A leader can gain public support for his policy through the strategic use of propaganda, promoting both his greatness as a decision maker, and that of the policy. President Truman provides an interesting example of a decision maker in a democracy acting under crisis conditions. In the turbulent international conditions of the closure of WWII, he was thrust into power, following the sudden death of President Roosevelt. It was President Truman who took the historical, controversial decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It would be difficult to argue that, under the power of a different presidential personality, the US would definitely not have taken this dramatic course of action. However, a number of factors related to Trumans personality and previous experiences can be linked to his ultimate decision to drop the bomb. The first Truman had heard of the atomic bomb came after his inauguration. This bomb changed the nature of warfare to a degree that is difficult to comprehend. With such little time to absorb such information, having fought as an artillery officer in WWI, it is possible that Truman may have thought about the atomic bomb as [simply] a largerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦explosive than the ones he fired in Europe (Strong, 2005, p.15). Its radical scale of destruction was close to incomprehensible. A self-confessed amateur in foreign policy, in the shadow of Roosevelt, he wanted to establish himself. He was an active decision maker, preferring to do something rather than nothing, who enjoyed his presidential powers, and preferred not to delegate authority, believing that the President makes foreign policy (Frankel, 1963, p.21). A direct, pragmatic character, he was willing to be accountable for his decisions, proud of the signà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦on his desk announcing that the buck stops here' (Strong, 2005, p.18). Truman continued his presidency from the aftermath of WWII into the beginnings of the Cold War. Under the heightened tension of possibly imminent nuclear war, presidential power and responsibility was great; the presidents finger was, indeed, on the nuclear trigger (Fraser Murray, 2002, p.5). His conviction in the superiority of capitalism, the benefits to be gained from its adoption in other parts of the world, and the dangers outlined by Domino Theory, lead him to take a foreign policy of containment with regards to communism. In line with his military background, Truman adopted a confrontational attitude to USSR, what came to be known as the Iron Fist approach, partly in reaction to the previous Western failure of appeasement to stop Nazi expansionism. He was sceptical of all totalitarian states, claiming I dont care what you call them Nazi, Communist or Fascist-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they are all alike (Gaddis, 1982, p.66). To follow through with the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, Truman needed the support of Congress and the public, which he won using his popular, persuasive, extroverted personality. A supporter of the UN, Truman was a convinced internationalist, conscious that the United States should not repeat the isolationist errors of the 1920s (Fraser Murray, 2002, p.9). This helps explain why he followed such an interventionist foreign policy during his presidency. He was willing to place himself as leader of the free world, protecting and expanding his core beliefs in democracy and capitalism. In a dictatorship, foreign policy decisions lie almost solely in the hands of the leader; his decisions can be made without the accountability, checks and balances which exist in a democracy. In 1990, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein took the decision to invade neighbouring Kuwait. Arguably, the whole war [is] to be found in his psyche [and] insecurity (Hughes-Wilson, 1999, p.350). In the aftermath of the Iran-Iraq, the country was financially destitute. Recent acrimonious encounters with the West added to Husseins growing feeling of paranoia and desperation. Having bludgeoned his way to the top, Hussein was prepared to use any means possible to stay there (Ali Musallam, 1996, p.45). He had a need to live up to his own hard-line rhetoric, to avoid meeting the fate he had recently seen Romanian dictator Nicolae fall to. Saddam was devious, untrustworthy, greedy, ambitious[and] brokehis own people did have about three goes at assassinating him in the seven months before he invaded Kuwait, s o his paranoias of public rioting and coups were not unfounded (Hughes-Wilson, 1999, p.341). Saddam took Kuwaits refusal of a moratorium on its wartime loans, and refusal of other financial aid to Iraq, as a personal affront. Kuwait was incredibly rich in oil, and virtually defenceless, so to a personality like Saddam Hussein the temptation to solve his economic problems at a stroke must have been irresistible (Hughes-Wilson, 1999, p. 322). The invasion was symptomatic of the stereotypical qualities of a dictator. Aggressive, egotistical and unwilling to compromise, Hussein simply decided he would take what he wanted. His bloodthirsty, ruthless nature and readiness to resort to violence can be traced back to his childhood socialisation. Suffering the physical and psychological abuse of his stepfather, Hussein was raised in the hard world of the mountains, and mafia-like warlords and family clans that control them. Guns [were seen] as essential to a manit is alleged that Saddam had shot and killed his first man by the age of eleven (Hughes-Wilson, 1999, p. 314). This culture of casual violence influenced his beliefs in the harsh realities of the survival of the fittest. As a child, he would be sent to work in the fields whilst his stepbrothers would be allowed to go to school, aiding the development of his intense inferiority complex which would lead to his hunger for power and glory in later life (Ali Musallam, 1996). The former French President Charles de Gaulle was highly driven by his ideology and patriotism. He took a keen interest in foreign policy, and had the ultimate goal of restoring French historic cultural greatness on the international stage. De Gaulle came to power as a highly respected, charismatic military leader with great moral authority, often playing up to this image by making public appearances in military uniform. He obsessed over his legacy, wanting to be an inspiration for the generations of French citizens that would come after him; becoming a symbolic embodiment of how he perceived France. He was well aware of his own great personality and prestige, conscious of living his own biography, and often spoke of himself in the third person (Grosser, 1967, p.26). He assumed the role he believed a leader should take whilst in public, conforming to the perceived requirements of the title, whilst keeping his private life as detatched as possible. De Gaulles father, passionate about politics and history, was a professor who instilled his pride of France and her past into his son (de Gaulle, 1998). He considered all the actions he made by how they would mark history; less concerned with the criticisms made by those at the time of his action, and more by their judgement by future historians. Despite being a strong advocate of democracy, de Gaulle grew up in a royalist environment, and carried with him to adulthood its goals of continuity, leadership and an embodiment of the state, which were reflected in his politics. De Gaulles first Prime Minister was Michel Debrà ©, a devoted Gaullistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [who] could not refuse to do what his hero asked him to do (Thody, 1998, p.23). There was a certain unwillingness amongst de Gaulles advisors to disagree with their charismatic leader; he encouraged an environment of groupthink by surrounding himself with people of a similar view point. This was the perfect occasion for his perso nality to strongly influence the direction of French foreign policy. Possessing a certain distrust of diplomatic personnel, there is no doubt that it is General de Gaulle himself who makes the decisions on foreign policy issues (Grosser, 1967, p.13). A strong believer in intuition, if he felt a decision was right for France, he would take it. De Gaulles foreign policy was farsighted in that it was based upon his image of a post cold-war world, in which the mature nations of the old world and the newly independent states of the Third World would act to counterbalance theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦hegemony ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the US and the Soviet Union (Cerny, 1980, p.1). A born maverick, de Gaulle was not afraid to make his foreign policy disruptive of the world order. His self-perception was that of a guardian of national interest; he wanted to develop autonomy for his people by resisting the strength of the superpowers and exercising power inconsistent with his relatively limited resource capabilities, through manipulation of the international system; it would be fair to say that he had a taste for the impossible (Grosser, 1967, p.65). His policy of boycotting NATO and UN conferences was to oblige others to take greater account of France through absence than they do when she is obliged to join in decisions over which she can exert no decisive influence (Grosser, 1967, p.132). His doubts over the support of the US against Soviet invasion lead to his decision to develop a French nuclear deterrent, and to withdraw troops from NATO in 1966. He refused to accept that the two superpowers should be the sole possessors of nuclear power. De Gaulle strongly linked the notion of national security to independence, the intertwining of diplomatic and military strength, which can be explained by his military background. It would appear that the personal style of the General gives its special shape to a policy whichà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦corresponds to French desiresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it is a policy that dares to take risks, to gamble for high stakes, to court failure rather than resigning itself to mediocrity and timidity (Grosser, 1967, p.xi). De Gaulle symbolically rejected Britains entry into the ECC, fearing it would upset the Franco-German leadership. He saw Britain as a Trojan Horse for America to gain greater influence in Europe, a nd was so strong in his beliefs he dared to take a stance against the other five ECC members; it isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦unlikely that any French politician other than de Gaulle would have vetoed Great Britains attempt to join the ECC (Thody, 1998, p.29). This essay has shown that the role of personality in the formulation and implementation is variable. The more critical a situation is perceived to be, the fewer people will be directly involved in its management, and so there is a greater likeliness that their conclusions and actions will reflect their own personal beliefs, attitudes and interests. Despite institutional constraints, the political leader has a significant influence over decision making, particularly when national security is seen to be at stake, or when policy can be formed relatively secretly. Even in non-crisis situations, a political leader has the potential to exercise power and thereby impose his preferences on policy. The extent to which he does so depend[s] on his own values, beliefs, background and personality (Brewer, 1992, p.160). Every person in a position of power brings personal experiences, values, preconceptions and emotions to their decision making, although some will allow bureaucracy and the power-sh aring nature of democracy to counter and balance these idiosyncrasies. Ultimately, the personality of a leader has the most influence in unaccountable, dictatorial regimes, often due to the climate of fear surrounding their unlimited powers. However, even a dictator cannot continuously take whichever foreign policy actions he pleases without some eventual restraints posed by resources, the international community, uprising of his own people or a coup.

Explaining The Stages Of Communication Process Information Technology Essay

Explaining The Stages Of Communication Process Information Technology Essay A communication is a process which involves a sender, a receiver and the mes ­sage which is to be sent. There are some external things which might occur during this transfer, which could distort the message and prevent the receiver from receiving the original message that was meant by the sender. Apart from these externalities, both the sender and the receiver do some ­thing interest ­ing. The senders do not just give a universal message that is under ­standable by everybody. They encode it. They add certain things and state things in a certain way. On the other side, the receiver of the message has to decode, to a certain extent, what the sender meant to say. This includes the words as well as the tones and certain gestures and indications that are not ex ­pressed verbally. This often results in distortion of the message. Image Source: http://www.passia.org/seminars/2000/conflict/wanis-6.htmlConflict Resolution and Negotiations In Organisatons Message is what a communicator actually produces for transmission using spoken or written words, photographs, paintings, films, posters, etc. a great deal of skill and effort is required to formulate a message, the meaning of which should be understandable to the receiver. Actually the purpose of communication is to influence the receiver and get favourable responses so that appropriate decisions can be taken. The success of communication, therefore, depends on what we say and how we say it. A message can enhance or distort effective communication. For instance, in an interview your intention is to impress interviewer, but if you give answers whose meaning is not clear, the interviewer may perceive that you are incompetent for the job. (mbaknol.com, 2010) A channel is the vehicle through which a message is carried from the communicator to the receiver. There are many channels of communication i.e. written, spoken, verbal, non-verbal, mass media like TV, radio, newspapers, books, etc. Choosing the appropriate channel, which is most suitable for the message as well as the receiver, is a complicated task. Success and failure of communication depends on the selection of the right channel. (mbaknol.com, 2010) The receiver, at the other end of the communication, is the recipient of the message and must possess the same orientation as the communicator. If the receiver does not have the ability to listen, to read, to think, he will not be able to receive and decode the messages in the manner the communicator want him to. For effective communication, the receiver is the most important link in the communication process. (mbaknol.com, 2010) Decoding is the interpretation of the message by the receiver. Actually, the receiver looks for the meaning in the message, which is common to both the receiver and the communicator. (mbaknol.com, 2010) Feedback is the response or acknowledgement of receiver to the communicators message. The exchange is possible only if the receiver responds. In this way both participants in communication interact and constantly exchange roles. In face-to-face communication the receiver responds naturally, directly and immediately. This provides the communicator an opportunity to improve and make his communication effective. Feedback, thus, provides an opportunity to evaluate what is right or wrong about a particular communication. It helps to regulate the conversation among two or more individuals and also stimulates and reinforces an idea that is desired to be communicated. (mbaknol.com, 2010) Noise is an interruption that can creep in at any point of the communication process and make it ineffective. Environment is one major cause that interferes with message reception: like noises from the roadside, constant chattering of individuals outside the communication act, blaring loudspeaker, faulty transmission, etc. noise can occur in other forms also; poor handwriting, heavy accent or soft speech, communication in a poorly lit room, etc. in fact, these are barriers to effective communication. For smooth and effective communication, it is necessary to eliminate or reduce noise as far as possible. (mbaknol.com, 2010) Image Source: http://www.mbaknol.com/business-communication/elements-of-the-communication-process/ (mbaknol.com, 2010) WHAT ARE THE MAIN BARRIERS TO GOOD COMMUNICATION ? Communication is a process beginning with a sender who encodes the message and passes it through some channel to the receiver who decodes the message. Communication is fruitful if and only if the messages sent by the sender is interpreted with same meaning by the receiver. If any kind of disturbance blocks any step of communication, the message will be destroyed. Due to such disturbances, managers in an organisaton face severe problems. There are several barriers which affects the flow of communication in an organisaton. These barriers interrupt the flow of communication from the sender to the receiver, thus making communication ineffective. It is essential for managers to overcome these barriers. The main barriers of communication are summarized below. Language Inability to converse in a language that is known by both the sender and receiver is the greatest barrier to effective communication. When a person uses inappropriate words while conversing or writing, it could lead to misunderstanding between the sender and a receiver. Prejudice the sender may have already got pre set views and is not prepared to listen. Cultural differences The receiver may receive the message correctly worded but due to cultural differences take the message to have a different meaning. Complicated If the message is to long or technical, it may not be properly understood. Concentration. If the receiver has his/her mind on other matters, the message may not be properly understood. Emotions Your emotions could be a barrier to communication if you are engrossed in your emotions for some reason. In such cases, you tend to have trouble listening to others or understanding the message conveyed to you. A few of the emotional interferences include hostility, anger, resentfulness and fear. (Pillali, Accessed 2010). Lack of Subject Knowledge If a person who sends a message lacks subject knowledge then he may not be able to convey his message clearly. The receiver could misunderstand his message, and this could lead to a barrier to effective communication. (Pillali, Accessed 2010). Stress One of the major communication barriers faced by employees in most of the organisaton is stress. When a person is under immense stress, he may find it difficult to understand the message, leading to communication distortion. (Pillali, Accessed 2010). No matter how good the communication system in an organisation is, unfortunately barriers can and do often occur. This may be caused by a number of factors which can usually be summarised as being due to physical barriers, system design faults or attitudinal barriers. Physical barriers   are often due to the nature of the environment i.e. if staff are located in different buildings or on different sites. Likewise, poor or outdated equipment, particularly the failure of management to introduce new technology, may also cause problems. (Pillali, Accessed 2010). Staff shortages are another factor which frequently causes communication difficulties for an organisation. Whilst distractions like background noise, poor lighting or an environment which is too hot or cold can all affect peoples morale and concentration, which in turn interfere with effective communication. System design   faults refer to problems with the structures or systems in place in an organisation.   Examples might include an organisational structure which is unclear and therefore makes it confusing to know who to communicate with. Other examples could be inefficient or inappropriate information systems, a lack of supervision or training, and a lack of clarity in roles and responsibilities which can lead to staff being uncertain about what is expected of them. Attitudinal barriers   come about as a result of problems with staff in an organisation. These may be due to the factors such as poor management, lack of consultation with employees, personality conflicts which can result in people delaying or refusing to communicate, the personal attitudes of individual employees which may be due to lack of motivation or dissatisfaction at work, brought about by insufficient training to enable them to carry out particular tasks. WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF GRAPEVINE TO MANAGER? Grapevine is an informal communication network, which ignores formal channels of communication and spreads rumours and gossips at all levels of the business organisaton. Although every business-organisaton has its formal channels of communication, the informal channel of communication called grapevine also operates in it. It can be easily found that a large portion of the communication in almost every business house is not formal or pre-planned. The employees communicate through informal channels as they do their jobs. It is neither pre-planned nor deliberately motivated by the management. It is neither written nor documented or recorded. Therefore, it refers to any communication that takes place outside the prescribed and pre-planned channels of formal business communication. It is not set with the lines of organisatonal hierarchy. As it has no set rules and regulations, it is not confined to a particular direction. It just spreads like a grapevine. (mbaknol.com, 2010) Grapevine communication Image Source: http://www.mbaknol.com/business-communication/grapevine-communication-and-its-features/ Importance of Grapevine in business scenario: Though the structure of the grapevine is not so well defined, as that of the formal channels, it should not be taken for its weakness. The messages flowing through grapevine have greater speed than that of the messages flowing through the formal channels. The grapevine may carry equally vital message through it for the achievement and success of the organisaton. It is not correct to underestimate the grapevine by saying that the vital messages pass only through the authorized, formal channels. On the other hand, though the formal channels are systematic, pre-planned and documented, it is authority-laden. It can never be as speedy and spontaneous as the grapevine. The employees communicate through grapevine, not because they are compelled to communicate but because they earnestly want to communicate with their associates. (mbaknol.com, 2010) The method of formal written communication is slow and expensive method of information transmission. The grapevine, on the other hand, is non-expensive method and most-rapid oral method of transmitting the information to the maximum number of the communication receivers. The grapevine can flow wherever the participants wish it to flow, therefore, the manager can use the properly cultivated grapevine in dealing with the problems that require crossing the boundaries between the departments. Grapevine originates from the psychological need of the employees to talk about their jobs and their associates as the subject of their main interest. The absence of grapevine surely creates the dull, sick and unfriendly atmosphere in the business organisaton. Grapevine is also described as the barometer of public opinion in the organisaton. If the manager is sensitive to it, s/he can gather information about the ideas, opinions, attitudes and interests of the employees. The grapevine gives an opportunity to the employees to let off the suppressed air of anxiety, worries and frustration. When they talk about their associates, they get emotional relief. The fact that the employees talk about their associates or that they have the interest in their associates is a proof of the high morale. Thus, the grapevine not only promotes unity, integrity and solidarity of the organisaton but it also helps to raise the morale of the employee. (mbaknol.com, 2010)

Product Pricing Essay -- essays research papers

Product Pricing The cost of an â€Å"everyday low price† toy: $19.95. The cost of a Rolex watch: $2,465. A great paper explaining why corporations put these prices on products: priceless. Wal-Mart has become the leader in â€Å"everyday low price† pricing, and the number one retailer has brought many businesses to their demise because of their pricing strategy. Recently, Wal-Mart has expanded their sales niche to the toy department putting many specialty toy stores near or completely out of business. This paper will discuss how Wal-Mart priced their line of toys, why Wal-Mart used toys as â€Å"loss leaders† to attract customers, and two alternate methods of pricing marketers can use based on demand and reputation. Toy Pricing Pricing is an important aspect of every business. Chief Financial Officer’s (CFO) use pricing to create financial projections, establish a break-even point, and calculate profit and loss margins (Power Point, 2005). It is the only element in the marketing mix that produces revenue. Price is also one of the most flexible elements of the marketing mix as it can be changed very quickly. This is usually done to beat competitor prices in an attempt to fix the product’s market value position very low (Anderson & Bailey, 1998). After all, high prices make it difficult to become the market share leader. The leading US retailer, Wal-Mart, is an expert at low product pricing as evident in 2004 with $250 billion dollars in sales to their 138 million weekly shoppers. However, they are also responsible for reducing prices so low that it drives specialty stores out of business. This is the effect Wal-mart has had on many toy stores and has almost closed the doors of the famous toy st ore Toys â€Å"R† Us Inc. Wal-Mart set extremely low prices on toys in a very successful pricing strategy to attract customers and become the leader in toy sales (Grant, 2004). This pricing strategy is called market penetration pricing. Penetration pricing is used to enter the market quickly and win a large market share (Anderson & Bailey, 1998). These low prices have taken their toll on toy stores. Toys â€Å"R† Us is now the second largest toy seller in the U.S. behind Wal-Mart. Toys â€Å"R† Us was recently bought for $6.6 million by investors who hope to transform the store into a more viable store for the entire family (D’Innocenzio, 2005). Other toy stores are not as fortunate. FAO In... ...2004, October 12). Wal-Mart wants $10 cds. Rolling Stone. Retrieved on May 2, 2005 from http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/_/id/6558540/thekillers?pageid=rs. Home&pageregion=single1&rnd=1097616001120&has-player=unknown D’Innocenzio, A. (2005, March 18). Toys R Us deal may reignite the industry. The San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved on April 25, 2005 from http://www.signonsandiego. com/uniontrib/20050318/news_1b18toys.html Grant, L. (2004, October 11). Wal-Mart doesn’t plan to toy much with prices; last year’s cuts hurt other retailers and left giant thinking it slashed too much. Proquest Document. USA Today. Pg B8. Johnson, L. (1999). A review and a conceptual framework of prestige-seeking consumer behavior. Academy of Marketing Science Review. Retrieved on May 4, 2005 from http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3896/is_199901/ai_n8843016 Loss leader. Retrieved on May 3, 2005 from http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/ encyclopedia/l/lo/loss_leader.htm Power Point Presentation (2005, May 1). Touro University International. Marketing 501 CD. Price skimming. (2005). Invetopedia.com. Retrieved on May4, 2005 from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/priceskimming.asp

King Of The Seas :: essays research papers fc

From the many inventions that emerged from the American Civil War, the Ironclad, designed by Captain John Ericsson and Robert L. Stevens, has impacted the world by advancing naval warfare technology. It gave America more influence in Europe and put America ahead of Europe in naval matters. The impact and influence changed naval warfares forever by forcing wooden ships to become obsolete. The Ironclad was among the first technological and modern tools of war. Its impact on technology in navies can still be seen today in the designs and the construction of naval ships.(Mac Bride,1) It has impacted technology in the way ships are built. Because of the ironclads the ships that are used in wars today are much safer. They are stronger and easier to maneuver. The first ironclad to ironclad battle between the Merrimac and the Monitor was long and drawn out. Although neither one emerged victorious, the world began to see what a major improvement in warfare these ironclads were. A reporter fro m the Norfolk Day wrote: â€Å"This work will create a revolution in naval warfare. Americas improvement has impacted naval history in a way that no other invention ever has!† (Davis,135) Many times in United States history the major nations of the world, such as England, France and Germany, have ignored the United States in political matters but this invention and the ironclad to ironclad battle changed a large percentage of their attitudes toward the United States. It made America become feared and respected by large European nations and all the major nations looked at this invention with pure respect and awe. (Love,29) The invention of the ironclad has helped to push America higher on the ladder to becoming a major world power and to be included in major decisions of the world. The ironclads caused a long range of reaction in navies and gave America a push for the influence they wanted in Europe. Many say that the invention of the ironclad is quite possibly one of the chie f reasons for the continued existence of the United States. (Mac Bride,43) In the past people have often thought of naval ships as only tools of war. Many never considered that a ship could be useful in improving foreign policy and in pushing for American influence, but when Europe heard about this invention they began to realize that America had an adequate navy and the largest and finest # destroyers in the world.

Analysis Of Ibsens A Dolls House Essay -- A Dolls House Essays

"A Doll House" A critical Analysis When Nora slammed the door shut in her doll's house in 1879, her message sent shockwaves around the world that persist to this day. "I must stand quite alone", Nora declared after finding out that her ideal of life was just a imagination of her and that all her life had been build up by others people's, specifically her husband and her dad ideas, opinions and tastes. Nora is the pampered wife of an aspiring bank manager Torvald Halmer. In a desperate attempt to saves her husband's life Nora once asked for a loan so she and her family could move somewhere where her husband could recover from his sickness. Giving the circumstances she, as a woman of that period, by herself and behind her husband forged her dad signature to receive the loan. Now, Nora's lender (Mr. Krogstad), despite her paying punctually, uses that fault as a fraud to pressure her so she could help him to keep his job in the Bank where her husband is going to be the manager. Nora finds out that Torvald would fire Mr. Krogstad at any cost. At learning this, Nora trembles for she knows Mr. Krogstad will tell everything to Torvald. She remains confident; however that Torvald will stand by her no matter what outcome. His reaction though is not what she expected and therefore here is when she realizes that she "must stand quite alone" and leaves her husband. From the time A Doll's House was performed for first time (1879) till now, there have been all sorts of interpretation and critics about its message. According to Mr. Mayer's files critics considered that the A Doll's House message was that "a marriage was not sacrosanct, that a man's authority in his home should not go unchallenged". Another similar critics' interpretat... ... Johnston, Brian. Text and Supertext in Ibsen's Drama. Pennsylvania : The Pennsylvania State University , 1932. 2. Templeton, Joan. Ibsen's Women. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1997. 3. Tennant, P.F.D. Ibsen's Dramatic Technique. New York : Hummanities Press Inc., 1948. 4. Meyer, Michael. Ibsen's on file. London and New York : Methuen London Ltd., 1985. 5. Ford, Karen. "Social contrains and painful growth in A Doll's House". Expanded Academic ASAP. Methodist College , Fayetteville , NC . 30 Octuber 2005 6. Hopkins, Anthony and Bloom Claire. A Doll's House video recording. Southgate Entertainment." 1989. 7. Rekdal, Anne Marie. " The female Jouissance An Analysis of Ibsen's Et dukkehjem. Expanded Academic ASAP. Methodist College , Fayetteville , NC . 30 Octuber 2005

Child Obesity

Nowadays, childhood obesity has become an epidemic in all over the world. This essay will consider the problem of obesity and outlline possible solutions. To begin with, in point of fact the reason of obesity are not difficult to understand. Firstly, people are eating more and more unhealthy food, namely fast-foods which contain a large percentage of calories. It is because children feel junk-foods are more appertizing than fresh foods cooked at home.Moreover, many parents become so busy that they do not have time to cook . Secondly, there are short of space for children to play . In addition, children nowadays have too many exercises to do at home so they so not have much time to play. This leads to watching TV and playing computer game a lot. Thirdly, fast-food industry has developed dramatically in many countries. In fact, there are more and more fast- food joint in everywhere.Furthermore, particular in Western cultures are often very high in fat. Obesity have many bad effects on society . First of all, overweight children can get many serious dieases such as heart disease, diabetes or even cancer. It can also leads to an increase of stress in school for fat children when they become object of cruel jokes, consequently, overweight children are always unconfident in themselves. As we have seen, there are number of ways to reduce obesity.One of the most effective method is that society ,school and family should take responsibility for educating about mental health of healthy life style for children so as to they have knowledge about the risk of obesity. In short, the main causes of childhood obesity is bad diet and less active. This leads to considerable damage about health in the long term. In my view, children should be encouraged to eat healthy foods and do exercise frequently.

Key problems at Edit 4U and recommendations

Drury ( 2008 ) has defined elbow room explanation as the proviso of culture to people within the administ ration to promote them do fall in finales and burst the strength and effectivity of bing operations.Making the more or less level-headed and efficient determinations is one of the close to minute things to forge because this leads to a successful developing and lucrativeness of the companionship. Assorted places like the table of Directors make these important determinations every twenty-four hours in dedicate to function the sh arholders involvements and to do certain that the tending forget go on to run in the here afterward. The determinations ar make utilizing competent agency accomplishments, divergent adult maleagerial experiences and whether the counseling chose to be a dissemble final paymentr or a imagine averse. geld 4U ( E4U ) is a household owned touch who provides redaction and layout attend for magazines. The tending was set up with the purpose to be profitable and to vie with other fears in the same field whilst the economic carcass of Ireland is dining. As a get drink business- jobs and troubles could non be avoided which is the ground why this field of operation has been commissioned. The study entrust supply randomness and disturbance advice to decide jobs that Mr. and Mrs. OSullivan is straightway smatter.The rudimentary issues of the maintenance go away be analysed and examined to be able to give the by flops solutions and recommendations to Mr. Sean OSullivan. Different explosive charge distinguishing proficiencys would be endorsed in assemble to better the everyday initiation of the line.KEY ISSUESThe cardinal issues that have been found whilst the analyzing the tending is as followsI.Costing MethodPricing airs or switch constitute is one of the cardinal issues that Sean and bloody shame be presently confronting. Sean does non cognize how to be a service per column occupation wh ich has led to inaccurate fiscal statements and insincere figure of gross ( Banker & A Hughes, 1994 ) .A bang bill research by Brignall, et Al ( 1991 ) have mentioned that merchandise be are use for stock propensity rating, merchandise determine, mix determinations and for direction readiness and go for . It is indispensable that a concern represent their service effective because it helps the direction make better determinations towards the profitableness of the concern. The undetermined pricing could be an option that contract 4U could put on because this determines the merchandising mo shekelsary measure and cost of the service they broaden. This is calculated ground on Seans chosen net income b locate for the company.Further much, Edit 4U could utilize a merchandise costing system which helps to be products/ go based on the r to each one on for the occupation. Marginal costing, soaking up costing and activity based costing are some of the bing methods that Sean could utilize to accurately financial note value the column services that they rancider to their clients.The Activity ground Costing ( Garg & A Rafiq, 2002 ) methodaid strategic determination devising, it act as a lens of the eye into the concern procedure leting resources to be efficiently allocated and to enable cost decrease and in conclusion, it is an allotment mechanism that transfer pricing internal and external to the organisation .This indicates that the earth of allotment which a theoretical account is shown in Appendix 1should be considered to be implemented throughout the company because this lead divide up the cost that are allocated consequently to its cost Centres. The method ensures that cost are being driven by the right cost Centres and they are barely measured.Enforcing a direction be proficiency bequeath ensue to a better service pricing based on the customization of each client ( Caplan, 2014 ) . However, in order to make these more culture is call for from the concern. For illustration, Sean should account for all the relevant costs because this ordain back up him to take the most efficient determination with reckon to the hereafter of the concern. Options should besides be considered because this will move as insurance in instance the first determination fails. In add-on, more info like how overmuch discipline is allocated to a customized redaction service the type of merchandise mix that they are travelling to offer that could give proud soaking up rate and how much is the demand for their service. These are some of information that would be required from Sean and Mary to to the unspoiled set a monetary value on services that they offer. Equally inviolable as supplying extra information it is recommended that Sean and Mary use the client profitableness depth psychology ( Epstein, 2000 ) which is shown in Appendix 2.II.Planning and reignThe following cardinal issue to be raised is the deficiency of separat ion amongst the family and the business disbursals since Sean utilizations portion of their place as an office. The Activity Based Costing will assist Sean and Mary to allocate the cost more accurately with respect to the disbursals utilise in the concern. The deficiency of planning and control in the concern could take to piteous determinations being made, hapless intemperately money flow, and they could be taking the business objectives to a irrational way ( Lucey, 2009 ) .The Cost strength clear ( Drury, 2013 ) epitome examines the relationship surrounded by alterations in activity and alterations in ideal gross r unconstipatedues gross, costs and net profit. The depth psychology is a direction report proficiency that determines how many products/ services can a concern green propers in order to breakeven. This means that the compend could let the direction to buy the farm out how much services they can offer in order for the concern to gain net income. The analysi s is besides used to pull the gross profit margin of safety that will demo the telescope of units before the concern will happen some loss. Using this sort of direction history technique could forestall Sean from doing the incorrect determination for the company.However, the analysis will non work if there is non adequate information uncommitted which makes it im affirmable for the concern to build the cost volume net income analysis right ( ACCA, 2014 ) . Some of the information that will be needed to bring forth the analysis is the expected gross revenues of the concern, the variable cost, the heady costs and the part per unit of the merchandise. in that respectfore, it is recommended that the concern should go on on utilizing the chronicle system that they already have because this will guarantee that the grosss and disbursals are accurately accounted for. Furthermore, this will do certain that the books remain remainder and their VAT re ricks will be intercommunicate rig ht.III.Business VentureThe last issue that will be analysed and discussed is the prospective concern judge that Sean will come in with Fergus. There are Numberss of concerns that would subscribe to to be opinionated in order to do the right determination for Edit 4Us concern hazard ( Datar, et al. , 2012 ) .The first concern is the bestow that Fergus will borrow from Sean to pay for the publish and distri neverthelession costs. I would evoke to Sean to make a full background and realization cheque on Fergus before he agrees to make a concern venture with him. The ground for this is that Sean demands to do certain that Fergus is a believable individual and has a vindicated repute amongst Bankss and edifice societies. If Fergus has a deadly repute as a man of affairs, so this could post great menaces and hazards to the concern venture and could stain Seans concern repute. However, if Sean wants to prosecute the concern venture so he would necessitate to come in into a contra ct with Fergus that contains all the conditions that Sean has with value to any jobs in the hereafter sing Fergus credibleness. Sean will necessitate to retrieve that even though they have a contract, he could non alter the in the public eye(predicate)s sentiments towards him if there was a dirt about the concern venture.The 2nd concern would be the sorrow to budget the hard currency flows of the concern. Budgeting is a direction accounting technique which ensures that the hard currency out flow and inflow will be accounted ( Russell, et Al, 2001 ) C. Using this technique Sean and Fergus would be able to be after and do determinations about the hereafter of the concern and they can accurately cognize the costs and predicted grosss. If the concern does non utilize any accounting technique so it will be hard for the direction to find the public presentation of the concern and they will non be able to run into their aims.Last, Sean should be certain on how many yearss their credit ors are bounteous them because if the company fails to pay these creditors in work they will be given non to support the company and discontinue making concern with Edit 4U. The worst instance scenario is the company traveling to travel on nonstarter ( Agarwala & A Taffler, 2008 ) . Using personal cite cards and overdraft installation as a capital is non the most efficient carriage to finance a concern because this could take to paying higher involvement order that will incur each month. In order to avoid losing the creditors yearss a direction accounting technique called accounting ratio should be practiced.Patton has mentioned on his method of accounting reappraisal in 1982 that ratio analysis could be really utile in countries like analysis of concern minutess in commercializes that may non be efficient contractual bounds based on accounting rations and public presentation anticipation and hazard rating in an efficient market .Some people might rely that accounting ra tios are non utile but in fact these ratios could steer the direction of the company to whether the concern is executing good and it could besides uncover how many yearss their creditors would necessitate to be paid and when they are traveling to have hard currency influxs from their debitors.However, if more information like the fiscal studies is available, it is possible for the company to to the full analyze and gather up the public presentation of the company. The accounting ratio could assist the company pull off its hard currency flows efficaciously. Therefore, I would propose for Sean and Fergus to utilize the ratio analysis technique whether they go in front or non with the concern venture.CONCLUSIONS & A RECOMMENDATIONSAfter analyzing and amount the cardinal issues of Edit 4U, I abstain that Sean who started the concern along with his married cleaning lady Mary should utilize and implement a figure of direction accounting techniques in order for their concern to be enha nced, to turn and to place the costs expeditiously.As a direction adviser, I would urge for Mr. and Mrs. OSullivan to utilize the undermentioned Activity Based Costing to be the service that Edit 4U offers and to apportion the costs efficaciously to each cost drivers. The Profitability Analysis should be used to calculate the profitableness of a undertaking and the concern. Cost Volume Profit ( CVP ) Analysis ( CSUS, 2014 ) should be used to be able to cognize when the units of end product and the sum of grosss breakeven. Budgeting and accounting ratios are used to analyze the concern venture amongst Fergus and Sean. These direction accounting techniques could give the twain parties a better image of the public presentation of the concern. In add-on, these techniques could give them the most of import information needed to do determinations and send on their program.Therefore, after accounting the most of import key issues, it has been place that more information is needed from S ean with respects to the past records and past public presentation of the company in order to utilize the direction accounting techniques and to acquire the most accurate consequences. The more accurate the consequences are from utilizing these techniques, the more accurate the determinations are made for the company.